Abstract
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Agro-industrial residue Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is rich in bioactive phytochemicals such as saponins, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and glycosides etc. The presence of these phytochemicals increases its potential as a sustainable dye source. This study investigated the utilization of peanut testa extract for dyeing and functional finishing of citric acid (CA) surface-modified linen fabric in combination with copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). CuNPs were used to enhance the antimicrobial properties of the dyed fabrics. A three-level Box-Behnken design experiment was used to investigate the effect of dyeing duration (30-60 min), CA concentration (5-10%), and CuNPs concentration (0.5-1.5%) on colour values. Further, the dyed fabrics were evaluated for surface morphology, colour strength, colour fastness, UV protection, antimicrobial activity, and physico-mechanical properties. The Presence of saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides was confirmed by qualitative phytochemical analysis. From the Box-Behnken results, it was found that dyeing duration was the most influential variable among the other two variables (CuNP and CA). The highest K/S value was observed at 1% CuNPs, 5%, and 60-minute duration. The experimental values showed good agreement with the software-predicted data, with a desirability score of 1. The optimization predicted an optimum condition of 9.58% CA, 1.49% CuNPs, and 60 min dyeing duration. The ANOVA analysis suggested the linear model was significant for both L* and K/S values with a p-value <0.5. In the dye solution, better dispersion of the CuNPs was evident from the Particle size analysis peak of CuNPs at 189 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the interaction among linen fabric, CA, and peanut dye, while the SEM images confirmed the coating of CA and deposition of CuNPs on the surface of linen fabric. EDX analysis detected 4.16% CuNPs on the treated fabric, confirming their deposition. The dyed fabrics showed good washing and rubbing fastness properties. CuNPs-containing dyed fabrics exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The surface modification followed by dyeing depicted a nominal alteration in the mechanical properties of the linen fabric. The UV protection improved from 4 (undyed linen) to 10.8 (After dyeing with peanut testa extract), which registered a hike of 171 %, and to 14.83 after incorporation of CuNPs (270% more than the control linen fabric). This study shows that the peanut testa residue, along with CuNPs, can be used for dyeing and antimicrobial finishing of linen fabric.
Keywords: Copper nanoparticle, Agro residue, Colour fastness, Box-Behnken design, Natural dye, Phytochemical analysis, Functional finish, Surface modification
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