sentence case Effect of active-layer thickness on the electrical response of a BFO–PDMS composite nanogenerator at 25 wt% BFO loading

The increasing demand for self-powered and flexible electronic systems has stimulated significant interest in nanogenerators capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. In this study, a flexible hybrid nanogenerator device based on bismuth ferrite (BiFeO₃, BFO) embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix is developed and experimentally investigated for their electromechanical capabilities. Influence of three different active-layer thicknesses (0.3, 0.5, & 0.7 mm) at 25 wt% BFO concentrations is investigated on fabricated BFO–PDMS composite device. The open-circuit voltage and load-dependent electrical response under 5 N-10 Hz mechanical excitation is systematically analysed. The results demonstrate a strong dependence of electrical output on the active layer thickness. The intermediate active-layer thickness of 0.5 mm provided the superior performance compared with thinner and thicker configurations. The incorporation of BFO also enhances the electrical response compared with pristine PDMS. The developed flexible BFO–PDMS hybrid nanogenerator the peak voltage of 82 V. 0.5 mm thick composite layer showed over 80% enhancement in compared to pristine PDMS. 0.5 mm thick NG delivered highest power density of ~50 mW m⁻² at 1 MΩ resistance.