Abstract
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles are well known and widely studied for their antibacterial properties, making them appropriate for medical applications like wound healing, drug delivery systems, and antimicrobial coatings. This study explores the preparation, characterization and antibacterial properties of ZnO nanoparticles produced through a wet chemical method both with and without surface functionalization using Methenamine and Ricinoleic acid as capping agents. The impact of these capping agents on the shape, size, morphology, surface potential, and optoelectronics properties of the ZnO nanoparticles was systematically analyzed. The results show that the preparation method produces uniform and distinct ZnO nanoparticles, with nanoparticle sizes ranging from 10-30 nm. The presence of capping agents led to notable differences in the surface features, morphology and optical properties. This comparative investigation demonstrates how structurally distinct capping agents effect physiochemical and functional characteristic of ZnO nanoparticles, offering a pathway for targeted fabrication of nanomaterials. The antibacterial activity of both uncapped and capped ZnO nanoparticles was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria using the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Both uncapped and capped ZnO nanoparticle showed the strong antibacterial effectiveness, with capped variant showing more effectiveness, especially against Gram-negative bacteria. This research work introduces sustainable, eco-friendly strategy for the synthesis of high efficiency, biocompatible ZnO nanomaterials engineered for versatile biomedical and environmental applications
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